CSR INTRODUCTION
Defining CSR
• “The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce, and their families, as well as of the local community and society at large.” (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2000)
• “Operating a business in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations that society has of business”. (Business for Social Responsibility, 1998)
What is CSR
• Maximize company’s overall impact on the society and stakeholders.
• More than a collection of discrete practices or occasional gestures, or
initiatives motivated by marketing, public relations or other business benefits.
CSR approaches and attitudes differ largely due
• – to social and economic systems
• – legal and regulatory frameworks,
• – cultural practices,
• – local societal and public needs and expectations.
CSR
• “A business that does not show a profit at least equal to its cost of capital is irresponsible; it wastes society’s resources. Economic profit performance is the base without which business cannot discharge any other function, cannot be a good employer, a good citizen, a good neighbour. But economic performance is not the only responsibility of a business…Every organization must assume responsibility for its impact on employees, the environment, customers, and whomever and whatever it touches. That is social
responsibility.”
Values
— Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn't, good and bad. They also tell us which are more or less important, which is useful when we have to trade off meeting one value over another.
— Dictionary.com defines values as:
n : beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); "he has very conservatives values"
— Value
— Values are beliefs. But they are beliefs tied inextricably to emotion, not objective, cold ideas.
— Values are a motivational construct. They refer to the desirable goals people strive to attain.
— Values transcend specific actions and situations. They are abstract goals. The abstract nature of values distinguishes them from concepts like norms and attitudes, which usually refer to specific actions, objects, or situations.
— Values guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people, and events. That is, values serves as standards or criteria
— Values are ordered by importance relative to one another. People’s values form an ordered system of value priorities that characterize them as individuals. This hierarchical feature of values also distinguishes them from norms and attitudes.
Morals
— Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to have a very broad acceptance. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values. We thus judge others more strongly on morals than values. A person can be described as immoral, yet there is no word for them not following values.
— Dictionary.com defines morals as:
— n : motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
Ethics
— Dictionary.com defines ethics as: A theory or a system of moral values
— Ethics tend to be codified into a formal system or set of rules which are explicitly adopted by a group of people. So you have Medical Ethics, Professional Ethics of Auditors etc.
— Value
— A value is a view of life and judgment of what is desirable
— It is part of a person’s personality.
— Ex. Benign attitude to labor welfare is a value which may prompt an industrialist to do much more for workers than what the labor law stipulates. We have seen its culmination in the value system that guided JRD Tata to create the toewnship Tata Nagar for its employees with housing, hospital, parks, water, electricity and guarantee of one job for next generation of the worker !
— Values- individual vs organizational values
— Values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and should be the basis for the behavior of its members. However, what if members of the organization do not share and have not internalized the organization's values? Obviously, a disconnect between individual and organizational values will be dysfunctional.
— Values- stated vs operating values
— Additionally, an organization may publish one set of values, perhaps in an effort to push forward a positive image, while the values that really guide organizational behavior are very different. When there is a disconnect between stated and operating values, it may be difficult to determine what is "acceptable." For example, two of the Army's organizational values include candor and courage. One might infer that officers are encouraged to "have the courage of their convictions" and speak their disagreements openly. In some cases, this does work; in others it does not.
Ten motivationally distinct, broad and basic values are derived from three universal requirements of the human condition:
— needs of individuals as biological organisms,
— requisites of coordinated social interaction, and
— survival and welfare needs of groups.
Ten Types of Values
1. Self-Direction. Independent thought and action; choosing, creating, exploring.
2. Stimulation. Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life.
3. Hedonism. Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.
4. Achievement. Personal success through demonstrating competence according to
social standards.
5. Power. Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.
6. Security. Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
7. Conformity. Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
8. Benevolence. Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in
frequent personal contact (the ‘in-group’)
9. Tradition. Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that
traditional culture or religion provide the self
10. Universalism. Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature.
— A pattern of relations of conflict and
congruity among values
congruity among values
— An Example
— The pursuit of achievement values may conflict with the pursuit of benevolence values - seeking success for self is likely to obstruct actions aimed at enhancing the welfare of others who need one's help. However, the pursuit of achievement values may be compatible with the pursuit of power values - seeking personal success for oneself is likely to strengthen and to be strengthened by actions aimed at enhancing one's own social position and authority over others.
Formation of Values
— Personal Values are imbibed from Parents, Teachers and Elders
— As individuals grow, values are adapted and refined in the wake of new knowledge and experiences.
— Within an organization Values are imparted by founder-enterpreneur or a dominant CEO , and they remain in some form , even long after the person’s exit.
— Ex. Formation of Values
What forges Tata group companies together ?
— J.R.D. Tata
I would call it a group of individually managed companies united by two factors :
— Part of larger group that carries name and prestige of TATAs and public recognition of honesty and reliability- Trustworthiness
— Another reason is metaphysical – There is an inate loyalty , a sharing of certain belief, a pride in the fact that we are somewhat different from the other.
Jamshedji Tata
Value and Ethics
— Business ethics operate as a system of values relating business goals and techniques to meet specific human need.
— A major task of leadership is to inculcate personal values and a sense of business ethics to the organizational members.
— At one end values and ethics shape the corporate culture and dictate ways how politics and power will be used and at the other end clarify the social responsibility in the organization
CSR Paradox !
in order to maintain a socially responsible business model, companiesshould act a manner that will benefit society. Conversely, in order to benefit society, companies should act in a manner that benefittedthemselves.
Theories
— Social Contract (Donaldson, 1982; Donaldson and Dunfee, 1999) – There is a tacit social contract between the firm and society; the contract bestows certain rights in exchange for certain responsibilities.
— Stakeholder Theory (Freeman, 1984) – Argues that it is in the company’s strategic interest to respect the interests of all its stakeholders.
• CSR (Carrol, 1979)
Firms have responsibilities to societies including economic, legal, ethical and discretionary (or philanthropic).
Philanthropy to CSR
— THE 21ST CENTURY IS PROVING A BOOM TIME for philanthropy, social enterprise and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Two of the world’s richest men, Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, are vying to give away their fortunes. Innovation is blossoming in clean-tech and socially minded businesses. And companies are increasingly boosting efforts in CSR as consumers demand more ethically sourced goods.
— The former Microsoft chief executive is a prime example of a corporate hero who has left the business world in order to focus on his charity work. The hope is that he can foster the efficiency of the private sector in his foundation, which focuses on global health challenges.
— Percy Barnevik, The former chairman and chief executive of Swiss-Swedish engineering group ABB, and former chairman of drugs giant AstraZeneca, has switched his focus from commercial interests to poverty relief. To run Hand in Hand International, which extends small loans to poor women, including women in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
— Television, the internet, foreign travel and issues like the tsunami and COVID 2019 have opened our minds to the fact that there are huge numbers of people who don’t have the capacity to live like people with privileges !
